Systems and methods for treating cancer using brachytherapy

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are provided for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator. The system comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted for insertion within fornices of a patient. First and second retractors are adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment. The second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/218,062, filed Dec. 12, 2018, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The present application relates to devices and methods for treating cancer using brachytherapy. In particular, the present application relates to devices and methods for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator.

Description of the Related Art

“Brachy” is derived from the Greek word “brachio” meaning short range, and in reference to brachytherapy is defined as “Short Range Treatment with a Radioisotope.” Five years after ²²⁶Ra was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in Paris, Alexander Graham Bell suggested the implantation of radioactive sources directly into the tumors. That same year in 1903, two cases of facial basal cell carcinoma were treated, using ²²⁶Ra surface molds in St. Petersburg.

Brachytherapy typically offers low morbidity by delivering a high dose of ionizing radiation to the target volume, sparing surrounding healthy tissue with rapid dose fall off outside the implanted volume. Selective placement of the radioactive sources allow the dose distribution to be manipulated to match the target shape. Brachytherapy can be used in treating most areas of the body and can be used alone or in conjunction with External Beam Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, and Surgery for management of cancer. HDR and LDR brachytherapy are well-established techniques with a long history of use in treatment of cervical and uterine cancers. The scientific principle behind this technology is that a highly radioactive source inside an afterloader passes through a transfer guide tube into an applicator implanted in the patient. The radioactive source is programmed to remain in its precise location for a given period to deliver radiation dose according to the prescription. This can be effective in treating cancers of the cervix and uterus.

One known applicator for use in brachytherapy is the Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) afterloading intracavitary brachytherapy applicator for treatment of cervical and uterine cancers. Intracavitary brachytherapy procedure using FSD applicator for treatment of cervical and uterine cancers is tedious and time consuming. The procedure requires the patient to be consciously sedated or anesthetized as the procedure can be painful and lengthy with the complex design of the current available applicators requiring one to two nurses in assisting the radiation oncologist in implanting the applicator. The non-ideal geometry of the applicator placement, and the inadequate and occasionally painful placement of the vaginal packing retractor used to retract the bladder and the rectum from the plane of the implant, make the radiation dosimetry non-ideal, with high doses reaching the bladder or the rectum causing unwanted morbidities in some cases. Accordingly, in order to keep the radiation dose within the respective tolerance doses of the organs at risk, in some cases a user lowers the dose to the tumor; thus potentially causing the cancer to reoccur. Some optimization algorithms are currently used in the HDR treatment planning systems, however these cannot and do not adequately substitute or replace a geometrically optimum implant.

In recent years many intracavitary applicators based on the FSD applicator concept have been designed, and used in the clinic, e.g., the Week, Williamson, Henschke and Mick applicators. The typical prescription requires 3 or 4 implants, one week apart, on the same patient. The traditional FSD applicator normally consists of 8-pieces assembled as the patient rests supine in the stirrup position. The current clinical procedure using FSD applicator is typically lengthy, painful, and often requires anesthetics, or conscious sedation. The problems outlined herein have made patients request alternative treatments such as surgery or use of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT). However, the intracavitary brachytherapy for treating cervical and uterine cancers should not be replaced with IMRT since intracavitary brachytherapy provides more conformal therapy, less integral dose, and superior sparing of the organs at risk.

SUMMARY OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

The present application relates to devices and methods for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator to harness the benefits of brachytherapy in addition to easing and improving the implant procedure. Some embodiments comprise an advanced applicator system built for high and/or low dose rate (HDR and LDR) brachytherapy using a novel and innovative design with the aim of easier implantation of the applicator.

According to some embodiments, an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator has a tandem and first and second inflatable ovoids. The tandem and ovoids are adapted to deliver an implant radiation dose for treatment of a patient. In some embodiments the applicator comprises one or more retractors. The ovoids are preferably coupled to an ovoid assembly to support the ovoids and to control the relative position of the ovoids. The tandem is preferably releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly and is adjustable relative to the ovoid assembly. The tandem preferably pivots and translates relative to the ovoid assembly. The tandem is preferably coupled to the ovoid assembly in a manner that limits or restricts rotation of the tandem about a longitudinal axis of the tandem. In some embodiments retractors are releasably coupled with the ovoid assembly. A first retractor can be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and a second retractor can be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The retractors are preferably inflatable to at least partially retract the bladder and rectum from a treatment site. In some embodiments the tandem is preferably integrated with an endoscope to facilitate treatment. Embodiments of the present application provide advantages over the Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) afterloading intracavitary brachytherapy applicators.

According to one embodiment, an applicator comprises a tandem catheter and comprises two colpostats arranged for introduction of radioactive sources for intracavitary brachytherapy. The tandem can be integrated with an endoscope in some embodiments that gives the capability of locating the cervical os and guiding the tandem into the uterine canal. The conventional FSD applicator colpostats are made of variously sized rigid caps. According to one embodiment, the applicator comprises two inflatable ovoid balloons with the capability of expansion to multiple sizes through iodinated saline. To replace inadequate retraction offered by currently used vaginal packing, two additional semi-cylindrical balloons are preferably attached to the ovoid assembly for retracting the bladder and rectum to lower the radiation dose received by these organs. The applicator preferably provides a geometrically optimum implant where the tandem is positioned to bisect the ovoids, the ovoids are inflated and positioned to the largest size appropriate to fit the anatomy of the patient, and the bladder and the rectum are pushed away from a plane of the implant by one or more retractors. In some embodiments the retractors push the bladder and rectum away from a plane of the implant by at least two centimeters. The applicator implements inflatable retractors for isolating the patient's bladder and the rectum from radioactive sources, lowering the radiation dosage absorbed by these critical structures. An endoscope integrated with the tandem, in some embodiments, can provide advantages such as, for example, locating the cervical os more easily, limiting uterine perforations, sounding the uterus, and guiding the tandem through the uterine canal.

According to one method, an embodiment of the applicator is provided having a tandem and a dual ovoid assembly. The tandem may have a fiberoptic endoscope integrated with it, so the cervical os can easily be found instead of the patient being blindly poked with a speculum placed in the vaginal canal. The tandem and the collapsed balloon dual ovoid assembly can easily be inserted as a single unit into the vaginal canal. The tandem may be guided by endoscope into the cervical os and uterine canal, where the ovoids may be placed in the cervical fornices. The ovoids can comprise two balloons that are inflated with desired volumes of iodinated saline. The ovoids can conform to the cervical tumor and can provide adaptive brachytherapy. The applicator can allow for the tandem and ovoids to be assembled and/or configured rapidly. Adjustments to the system can be completed outside of the patient, similar to a laparoscopy procedure. Advantages of the applicator systems and methods of use include simplification of the use of the implant, utilizing fewer parts, adjustable ovoids fitting the patient fornices with comfort, and the inflatable retraction mechanism to separate and give adequate distance to the bladder and rectum. This will optimize the dose to the cervix and uterus, minimizing the dose to these critical structures.

In some embodiments, advantages of applicator systems and methods may include easier and faster implantation. The applicator can cause less or no pain to the patient. The applicator can reduce complications to the patient. The applicator can have simple and integrated applicator parts. Methods of using the applicator and performing treatments can be reproducible. The applicator can provide improved implant geometry. The applicator can be configured to provide for manipulations to be done outside the vaginal and uterine canals, thus making the implant less invasive and geometrically advantageous. The applicator can provide improved radiation dosimetry and lower dose to bladder and rectum.

According to one embodiment, a system for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. The tandem comprises an endoscopic viewing element to facilitate treatment and one or more radiographic markers. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The ovoid support mechanism is adapted to support the ovoids and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within the fornices of a patient. The first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and one or more adjustably inflated configurations for positioning the ovoid assembly during treatment. The first and second ovoids each have one or more radiographic markers. The ovoid assembly comprises a tandem connector adapted to releasably and adjustably couple the tandem to the ovoid assembly to allow for pivotal and translational motion of the tandem relative to the ovoid assembly and to limit rotational movement of the tandem about a longitudinal axis of the tandem. First and second adjustably inflatable retractors are adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly at first and second retractor connector portions. The first and second inflatable retractors have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and an adjustably inflated configuration for retraction of tissue during treatment. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

According to another embodiment, a system for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted for insertion within fornices of a patient. First and second retractors are adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

According to another aspect, a method of treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator comprises providing an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator having a tandem, an ovoid assembly comprising first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism, and first and second retractors adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The tandem is inserted into a cervix of a patient. The first and second inflatable ovoids are inserted within fornices of a patient. The first and second retractors are inserted within a patient. The first and second inflatable ovoids are inflated within a patient. The bladder of a patient is retracted from a treatment site. The rectum of a patient is retracted from a treatment site. An implant radiation dose suitable for treatment is delivered at a treatment site.

According to another aspect, a method of treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator can comprise one or more of the following steps. First and second retractors can be coupled to the ovoid assembly prior to insertion within a patient. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids can be coupled to a radioactive source. Retracting the bladder can comprise inflating the first retractor. Retracting the rectum can comprise inflating the second retractor. The tandem can be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The tandem can be translated relative to the ovoid assembly. The tandem can be pivoted relative to the ovoid assembly. The tandem can comprise an endoscopic viewing element. A portion of the anatomy of the patient can be viewed with the viewing element upon insertion of the tandem within the patient. Rotational movement of the tandem about a longitudinal axis of the tandem can be limited by a connection between the tandem and ovoid assembly.

According to some embodiments, a system for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted for insertion within fornices of a patient. The ovoid support mechanism is adapted to support the ovoids and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within the fornices of a patient. The ovoid support mechanism comprises first and second handles wherein the handles are configured to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids using a coarse adjustment mechanism in a first configuration and using a fine adjustment mechanism in a second configuration. First and second retractors are adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

According to some embodiments, a system for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted for insertion within fornices of a patient. The ovoid assembly comprises a tandem connector adapted to releasably and adjustably couple the tandem to the ovoid assembly. The ovoid assembly comprises a first configuration wherein one or more handles coupled to the tandem connector are in an open position and adapted for pivotal and translational movement of the tandem, and a second configuration wherein the one or more handles coupled to the tandem connector are in a closed position and adapted to clamp the tandem connector to limit movement of the tandem. First and second retractors are adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

According to some embodiments, a system for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator, comprises a tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. An ovoid assembly comprises first and second inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism. The first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted for insertion within fornices of a patient. First and second retractors are adapted to be coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The first and second retractors are adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly. The first and second retractors have attachment mechanisms comprising spring actuated lock mechanisms adapted to provide for adjustment of the position of the retractor and to provide for a snap fit connection with the ovoid assembly. The tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

Still other aspects, features, and attendant advantages of the present application will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a reading of the following detailed description of embodiments constructed in accordance therewith, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Aspects, features, and attendant advantages of the present application provide improvements over known devices, systems and methods. Some devices, systems and methods related to brachytherapy are described in more detail in the following references, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 1. J. Rahimian, Y. Qian, R. Kagan, Effects of Applicator Spatial Placement Variations on Cumulative Dose to Point A in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer with 3 HDR Intracavitary Brachytherapy Treatments. Medical Physics, Vol. 26, No. 6, p. 1142, 1999 (abstract); 2. Faiz M. Khan. The Physics of Radiation Therapy. Third Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 2003; 3. H. K. Malhotra, J. S. Avadhani, S. F. deBoer, et. al. Duplicating a tandem and ovoids distribution with intensity modulated radiotherapy: a feasibility study. J. of Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. Vo. 8, No 3 (2007).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of an assembled minimally invasive intracavitary brachytherapy applicator system according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of a distal portion of the applicator system of FIG. 1 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of a proximal portion of the applicator system of FIG. 1 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 4 illustrates a side perspective view of the applicator system of FIG. 1 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 5 illustrates a rear perspective view of the proximal portion of the applicator system of FIG. 1 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 6 illustrates a front view of the distal portion of the applicator system of FIG. 1 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 7 illustrates a side view of an assembled minimally invasive intracavitary brachytherapy applicator system similar to the system shown in FIG. 1 without the retractor assemblies.

FIG. 8 illustrates a front side perspective view of the applicator system of FIG. 7 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 9 illustrates a rear side perspective view of the applicator system of FIG. 7 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of the applicator system of FIG. 7 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 11 illustrates a top rear view of the applicator system of FIG. 7 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 12 illustrates a top front view of the applicator system of FIG. 7 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 13 illustrates a tandem portion of an applicator system according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 14 illustrates an endoscopic tandem portion of an applicator system according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 15 illustrates a side perspective view of another assembled minimally invasive intracavitary brachytherapy applicator system according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exploded view of the applicator system of FIG. 15 .

FIG. 17 illustrates rear side perspective view of the applicator system of FIG. 15 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 18 illustrates a front side perspective view of the applicator system of FIG. 15 according to embodiments of the present application.

FIG. 19 shows a perspective view of an example applicator.

FIG. 20 shows an exploded view of an example applicator.

FIG. 21 shows an example second retractor assembly.

FIG. 22 shows a detail perspective view of an example ovoid support mechanism coupled to a tandem connector.

FIG. 23 shows an example tandem connector.

FIG. 24 shows an example tandem.

FIG. 25 shows an example ovoid assembly.

FIG. 26 shows an example ovoid assembly without an ovoid support mechanism.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Papanicolaou testing, routine gynecological screening, and the development of a vaccine against several types of the human papillomavirus have reduced the incidence of cervical cancer. However, cervical cancer remains the second most common cause of cancer in women. While these preventative efforts are likely to have a long term beneficial effect, screening efforts are far from universally effective. Vaccination and screening efforts are expected to lag in developing countries, which will delay the realized benefits of these public health efforts. The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2017 there were 12,820 and 61,380 new cancers of the uterine cervix and uterine corpus, respectively. The organization further estimates that over 15,130 women died of uterine cancers within that year. Nearly 528,000 women received the diagnosis of cervical cancer in 2012 and about 320,000 women learned of their uterine cancer in the world. A major risk factor for cervical cancers is human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, especially with strains like HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45, which are termed as high risk factor strains. Other known risk factors include: smoking, HIV infection, low socioeconomic status, chlamydia infection, oral contraceptives, and multiple pregnancies.

There are several approaches to the treatment of cervical cancer and uterine neoplasms. These methods include hysterectomy, external beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, and chemotherapy amongst others. The treatment approach depends largely on the stage of the disease, though definitive radiation therapy (external and internal) can be a helpful component of treatment in most stages. Brachytherapy (internal radiation) can be particularly important in many cases since small sources of energetic radioactive substances (e.g. Cesium-137 or Iridium-192 or Cobalt-60) can be placed adjacent to the tumor in an applicator. Because the extent of the effects of these radioisotopes (radiation dose) drop off rather precipitously with distance, brachytherapy has the chance to reduce damage to surrounding organs such as the urinary bladder and rectum compared to external radiation.

Brachytherapy for cervical cancer treatment is classified into low dose-rate (LDR) and high dose-rate (HDR). Multiple studies have documented essentially equal efficacy of LDR and HDR brachytherapy in terms of local control rate, recurrence, metastasis and complications. Nevertheless, HDR may offer some advantages for the patient over LDR. For example, HDR can be performed as an outpatient procedure while LDR requires the patient to remain hospitalized—and in many cases isolated for fear of irradiating others—for a period of three to four days per treatment. In both LDR and HDR brachytherapy, the radiation source must be placed in the applicator and implanted into the vaginal vault in a precise orientation.

One device that is used for this purpose is called the Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) applicator. The current design of the FSD applicator is the result of modifications to the Fletcher applicator developed in the 1950s. The traditional implant device typically consists of eight pieces.

Components of the FSD are assembled sequentially while the patient is in stirrups position and under anesthesia or conscious sedation. While data on patient attitudes and preferences is quite limited it is generally accepted that the brachytherapy procedure is at best uncomfortable and anxiety-provoking and at worst torturous. Patients are required to endure intravaginal manipulation for up to three hours per brachytherapy treatment. LDR treatment can require two sessions with a lengthy hospital stay while HDR treatment can require three to five insertions, usually as an outpatient. The bulk of insertion time is spent assembling the device and optimizing placement. While some image-guided techniques are in the process of being developed, insertions are largely done blindly and in a trial-and-error fashion.

Brachytherapy treatment of cervical and uterine cancers is not only time-intensive and difficult for the patient, it also is labor-intensive. Treatment requires the coordinated efforts of a number of highly trained personnel including a radiation oncologist, an anesthesiologist, two nurses, a radiation therapist, a dosimetrists, and a medical physicist to implant the applicator in the patient, calculate the dose, and deliver the radiation per radiation oncologist's prescription.

Novel intracavitary brachytherapy applicator systems described herein can improve upon the current treatment process in several ways. First, patient comfort and care are improved. In some embodiments, the device is much easier to assemble and position than the current FSD device. Because of this, brachytherapy application times should be shortened significantly. For instance, our initial estimates indicate that our proposed device (compared to FSD) will decrease insertion and placement times from one to two hours to 15-20 minutes. Expediting the process in this way eases patient discomfort considerably. Moreover, a shortened procedure time reduces the time in which the patient receives sedative or anesthetic, which promotes patient safety.

Another benefit of embodiments disclosed herein is to reduce the number of medical personnel needed to perform the brachytherapy procedure while improving user satisfaction. Because treatment times will likely be shorter and the device is much easier to assemble and use than the FSD, we expect physicians and medical personnel to strongly prefer embodiments disclosed herein. Furthermore, as patients are forced to endure a much less invasive procedure than FSD, patient satisfaction is expected to lead to increased provider satisfaction.

In some embodiments, the device is designed to be disposable and, as such, produced at much lower cost compared with the existing reusable systems. Further, due to inadequate sterilization technique for the reusable applicators, a potentially problematic infectious disease could be prevented by our disposable applicator. Estimates suggest that there is a financial benefit to hospitals and payers by using our device instead of FSD. The dramatically decreased treatment times enjoyed with our device will reduce Operating Room time and costs, medication costs, and (perhaps most expensive) personnel costs. As patients are given an informed choice between a two-hour procedure and a 15-30 minute procedure, our device will provide a competitive advantage for those institutions that adopt it. As described herein, a kit including an ovoid assembly, one or more tandems (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or more) each with an angle (e.g., of about 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°), a tandem holder, and/or bladder and/or rectum retractors can be housed in a tray, covered and labeled, and the whole package can be sterilized with gamma emitting radiation. This sterilization process can make the whole package or kit to be ready for implant.

Embodiments of the brachytherapy applicators system disclosed herein are not merely a refinement of the Fletcher instrument described above, but rather greatly depart from the classic FSD device. In some embodiments, the device comprises two main pieces, rather than eight. The device may comprise a tandem and two inflatable ovoids (see FIG. 19 below). The ovoids may be integrated into the device and in such embodiments can be securely attached to the tandem in a single step. The ovoids may be separate and/or variably inflated using a syringe and valve located on the external section of the applicator. This arrangement is similar to the inflatable bladder that is used to secure a Foley catheter in the urinary bladder. The bladders may be inflated with water in order to position and secure the applicator in the vaginal vault.

The entire device can be positioned into any required orientation using controls located outside of the patient's body. In this respect, certain embodiments of the device may be more like an endoscopic surgical instrument than the classic FSD device. This simplified design can allow users to easily and quickly assemble the device and adjust it in lateral and/or anterior-posterior directions.

One of the most troubling treatment-related complications of intracavitary brachytherapy is local damage to radiosensitive organs, namely the urinary bladder and the rectum. Our applicator system can include two separate inflatable bladders that can be used to displace the urinary bladder and the rectum, which can reduce or eliminate the messy packing that is typically used. Since local invasion of cervical and uterine neoplasms may derange the normal anatomy, one, both, or neither bladders may be inserted to provide extra distance between the radiation source and sensitive structures.

Currently, the correct insertion of internal radiation is a technically complex process that requires highly trained and experienced personnel. The training time required to gain competency with the FSD applicator is substantial—it generally takes residents numerous attempts to correctly learn how to place the device. In fact, it has been suggested that intracavitary brachytherapy treatment be relegated to larger universities and teaching hospitals where clinicians perform enough procedures to develop and maintain the necessary proficiency. Optimal positioning of both LDR and HDR radiation sources can greatly benefit the outcome of intracavitary brachytherapy. While imaging has been routinely and successfully integrated into prostate cancer brachytherapy, most cervical and uterine procedures are carried out using a blind approach for insertion and positioning. This prolongs the procedure and extends the patient's discomfort and need for sedation.

The tandem and ovoid assemblies can be sized to fit a low energy radiation source from Electronic Brachytherapy (EBT) systems, such as Xoft EBT systems. Xoft systems produces 50 kVp x-rays at the tip of a 3 mm diameter catheter that is being using for Brachytherapy of the vaginal cylinder, a tandem and ovoid assembly for treating uterine and/or cervical cancers, skin cancer, and/or intraoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer.

Locally advanced cervical cancer and external beam radiotherapy can alter normal intravaginal anatomy. Consequently, finding the cervical os during brachytherapy treatment can be very difficult and time-consuming. Often, ultrasound imaging is required to find the uterine canal. To facilitate faster and more efficient placement of the radiation source, various beneficial aspects may be included, described herein. To place the tandem into the uterine canal, we propose to use a miniaturized CMOS camera, or a miniaturized ultrasonic transducer or both to navigate through the vaginal canal, the cervical os, and the uterine canal. The image guided endoscopic tandem placement should accelerate the insertion time without multiple poking of the cervix to find the os using the speculum, and also to prevent from perforating the uterus. Treating a tandem perforated through the uterus into the small bowel can cause significant radiation damage to the small bowel, as well as there is a significant risk of small bowel obstruction and infection.

The present application relates to devices and methods for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator. According to some embodiments, an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator has a tandem and first and second inflatable ovoids. The tandem and ovoids are adapted to deliver an implant radiation dose for treatment of a patient. In some embodiments the applicator comprises one or more retractors. The ovoids are preferably coupled to an ovoid assembly to support the ovoids and to control the relative position of the ovoids. The tandem is preferably releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly and is adjustable relative to the ovoid assembly. The tandem preferably pivots and translates relative to the ovoid assembly. The tandem is preferably coupled to the ovoid assembly in a manner that limits or restricts rotation of the tandem about a longitudinal axis of the tandem. In some embodiments retractors are releasably coupled with the ovoid assembly. In other embodiments retractors can be fixed or attached to the ovoid assembly. A first retractor can be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and a second retractor can be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The retractors are preferably inflatable to at least partially retract the bladder and rectum from a treatment site. In some other embodiments the retractors are not inflatable. In some embodiments the tandem is preferably integrated with an endoscope to facilitate applicator placement and treatment.

In some embodiments, an advanced and minimally invasive cervical and uterine HDR and/or LDR applicator system comprises a tandem catheter adapted to be placed inside the uterine canal with two inflatable catheters placed next to the cervical fornices, while using two inflatable semi-cylindrical balloons to retract the bladder and rectum away from the radioactive sources. The tandem central catheter can include endoscopic fiber optics to transmit images of the cervical os, as well as the uterine canal as it is placed. This can facilitate insertion, limit multiple pokes of the cervix, may limit injury to the cervix and uterine perforation causing injury and infection to the uterus as well as to the small bowel. In addition, placement of the applicator is likely to be much faster, preferably on the order of minutes rather than over an hour. The endoscopic tandem and the dual ovoid assembly can be configured as a single piece that advantageously enables the radiation oncologist to implant the applicator possibly without a speculum, reducing pain, anesthetics, and stress on the nursing personnel and the radiation oncologist.

With reference to FIGS. 1-14 , according to some embodiments, systems for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator 100 comprise a tandem 102 adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. The tandem 102 can comprise an endoscopic viewing element 104 to facilitate treatment and one or more radiographic markers 106.

An ovoid assembly 110 comprises first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids 112, 114 and an ovoid support mechanism 116. The ovoid support mechanism 116 is adapted to support the ovoids 112, 114 and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within the fornices of a patient. The first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids 112, 114 have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and one or more adjustably inflated configurations for positioning the ovoid assembly during treatment. The first and second ovoids 112, 114 each have one or more radiographic markers 120, 122. The ovoid assembly 110 comprises a tandem connector 124 adapted to releasably and adjustably couple the tandem 102 to the ovoid assembly 110 to allow for pivotal and translational motion of the tandem 102 relative to the ovoid assembly 110 and to limit rotational movement of the tandem 102 about a longitudinal axis of the tandem.

First and second adjustably inflatable retractors 130, 132 are adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly at first and second retractor connector portions 134, 136. The first and second inflatable retractors 130, 132 have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and an adjustably inflated configuration for retraction of tissue during treatment. The first retractor 130 is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor 132 is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem 102 and the first and second inflatable ovoids 112, 114 are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

Some embodiments are described in more detail below. The applicator systems and methods can have one or more of the following advantageous characteristics in some embodiments.

Applicator Assembly

Some embodiments include applicator systems 100 that can be pre-assembled before insertion into the patient such that only a few, and in some cases, preferably one or two adjustable and integrated pieces are inserted into the patient. In contrast, the current FSD applicators require about 8 pieces to be assembled while inserted within a patient during use. Accordingly, use of embodiments of the present application preferably makes insertion and manipulation of the implants faster, more dosimetrically optimal, lessens the need for anesthetics, and reduces pain to the patient.

Ovoid Assembly

As shown in FIGS. 1-12 , the applicator system 100 comprises a pair of ovoids 112, 114 in the form of inflatable balloons, each with varying volume capacity, rather than solid caps of varying sizes currently used as colpostats. The inflatable balloon ovoids 112, 114 can advantageously and naturally take on the shape of mini, small, medium, and/or large size ovoids depending on the size of the patient's anatomy. In some embodiments, the ovoids 112, 114 can be independently inflated to 4 different sizes of the following approximate dimensions:

SIZE WIDTH LENGTH VOLUME Mini 1.4 cm 3.0  5 cc Small 2.0 cm 3.0 10 cc Medium 2.5 cm 3.0 15 cc Large 3.0 cm 3.0 21 cc

Depending on the patient's anatomy, and the extent, and the size, and the side of the gross disease, the two ovoids 112, 114 can be inflated with different volumes. For example, one ovoid can be inflated as small size and the other as medium size ovoid. The left and the right side ovoids are preferably substantially identical in size, even though at the radiation oncologist's and/or the physicist's discretion, one can be inflated larger than the other depending on the extent of the disease and size of the fornices. In some other embodiments the ovoids can have different maximum sizes.

As described above and as shown in FIGS. 1-12 , the ovoid support mechanism 116 is adapted to support the ovoids 112, 114 and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within the fornices of a patient. The ovoid support mechanism 116 supports first and second catheter shafts 140, 142 coupled with the ovoids for delivering radiation to the ovoids. The ovoid support mechanism also comprises first and second handle portions 144, 146 coupled for pivotal movement relative to one another. Movement of the handle portions 144, 146 relative to each other controls the distance between the first and second ovoids 112, 114. The relative position of the handle portions 144, 146 can be fixed by tightening a knob 150 at an upper portion of the ovoid support mechanism 116. A lower portion of the ovoid support mechanism 116 comprises the tandem connector 124. The tandem connector 124 comprises a slot 152 for receiving the tandem 102, a spring loaded ball or pin 154 on a first side of the slot 152 and a flat surface 156 on a second side of the slot 152. The tandem 102 comprises a groove 160 for translationally and pivotally coupling to the spring loaded ball or pin 154 when the tandem is positioned in the slot 152. A flat surface 162 of the tandem is positioned opposite the groove 160 and interfaces with the flat surface 156 of the tandem connector 124 when the tandem is positioned in the slot 152 to limit rotational movement of the tandem 102 about a longitudinal axis.

Tandem

Tandems 102 can have different shapes and configurations. For example, some embodiments include tandems having a curved portion 164 of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees. The tandem 102 can be provided with or without endoscopic capabilities. Additionally, a tandem 102 can include radiographic markings, for example, one-cm markings, on it for measurement and/or viewing. The markers 106 can be positioned near the tandem tip 166 and/or near the tandem connector portion 124. The tandem 102 and the ovoids 112, 114 are coupled to catheter shafts 138, 140, and 142, respectively. The total internal length of the catheters 138, 140, and 142 are preferably substantially identical for both the tandem 102 and the ovoids 112, 114. In some other embodiments, the total lengths can vary. The internal length of the catheter shafts 138, 140, 142 of the tandem 102 and the two ovoids 112, 114 is preferably about 35 cm. Longer or shorter catheter lengths are also contemplated.

Tandem Coupling

As mentioned above, a tandem connector 124 mechanism is provided for coupling the tandem 102 with the ovoid assembly 110. The mechanism preferably enables the tandem 102 to pivot in the anterior/posterior direction about a point in reference to the ovoids 112, 114 using a spring-loaded ball bearing 154 within the ovoid assembly 110 to interface with a groove 160 on a side of the tandem as best seen in FIG. 13 . The mechanism also preferably allows the user to translate and/or pivot the tandem to keep it at the mid-plane of the ovoids 112, 114 during treatment. Enabling the user to position the tandem 102 to bisect the ovoids 112, 114 helps to improve implant geometry and dose distribution. In some embodiments, a side of the tandem opposite the grooved side preferably has a flattened surface 162 that contacts a flattened surface 152 of the ovoid assembly 110 to limit inadvertent rotation of the tandem 102 during manipulation and treatment. Accordingly, the mechanism preferably limits the tandem from rotation around a longitudinal axis of the tandem and permits translational and pivotal motion to achieve an advantageous mid-plane position relative to the ovoids 112, 114.

Retractors

Retractor balloons 130, 132 are preferably added to the intracavitary brachytherapy applicator to retract the bladder and the rectum from the radiation sources, thus lowering the dose to these critical structures. This can reduce, and in some cases eliminate, the need to use of vaginal packing after the applicator is in place. The retractor balloons 130, 132 are coupled to catheters 184, 186 that are preferably anchored on the ovoid assembly 110. The retractor balloons 130, 132 are preferably inflated with saline. Other suitable inflation mediums can also be used. The balloons can be semi-cylindrical or semi-ellipsoid when inflated to push the vaginal mucosa, bladder, and rectum away from the radiation site. Balloons having other suitable shapes and sizes for providing retraction can also be used. The retraction mechanism is preferably inflatable to retract the bladder and the rectum by at least about 2 cm away from a plane of the implant defined at the plane of the tandem bisecting the ovoids. The retraction mechanism preferably retracts equidistance from the plane of the implant. The retraction mechanism comprises balloons 130, 132 and retractor supports 174, 176 coupled to the ovoid assembly 110 at retractor connection portions 134, 136.

Materials

The applicator system 100 can comprise environmentally friendly, disposable and/or recyclable materials. For example, plastics such as Delrin, Peek, GlassPeek, etc. can be used. Stainless steel or other suitable materials can be used. In some embodiments, use of allergy causing materials such as latex can be avoided. Balloon materials are preferably very strong, such as, for example, a double-layered polyurethane to avoid leaking and/or bursting. In some embodiments, the applicator is made of MRI and CT friendly materials.

Markers

As discussed above, radiographic markers can be provided along the catheters. Radiographic markers can be used to identify left and right ovoids 112, 114 by varying the number or style of markings 120, 122 on each ovoid. Radiographic markers can be provided on the external surfaces of the ovoid balloons 112, 114 to identify their placements and ensure proper expansion while being treated. Radiographic markers 106 can be provided on the tandem spaced one-cm apart to measure the length of the tandem 102 and/or to measure the magnification factor on the orthogonal radiographs. The applicator system preferably is adapted to be gamma ray, and gas sterilizable. The catheters of the applicator are preferably numbered and marked as corresponding to 1. Right Ovoid catheter 170, 2. Left Ovoid catheter 172, 3. The Luer Lock 182 inflating the Right Ovoid, 4. The Luer Lock 180 inflating the Left Ovoid, 5. The Luer Locks 184, 186 to inflate the retraction mechanism—one for the bladder and one for the rectum.

Guide Tubes

In some embodiments, the applicator 100 can be connected via three equal length transfer guide tubes or catheters 138, 140, 142 to the high dose brachytherapy afterloader with a 192-Iridium or 60-Cobalt High Dose Rate (HDR) radioactive source. In some embodiments the transfer guide tubes 138, 140, 142 can vary in length. The three transfer guide tubes 138, 140, 142 are coupled to the tandem 102 and the pair of inflatable ovoids 112, 114.

Radiation Treatment Modifications

In some embodiments, for Low Dose Rate (LDR) brachytherapy a similarly designed applicator can be used with either 137-Cs tubes or 192-Iridium ribbons (192-Ir seeds on a wire) placed inside plastic transfer guide tubes 138, 140, 142. The internal diameters of the tandem and the ovoids will be adjusted relative to the HDR applicator design to accommodate the commercially available 137-Cs tubes. For 192-Iridium ribbons the same tandem and ovoids designed for HDR can be used without any modifications to the internal diameter of the tandem and the ovoid catheters. Other parameters and characteristics of the applicator can be similar to those described for the HDR applicator. The LDR and HDR isodose distributions are preferably similar to the conventional FSD tandem and ovoids implants, yielding similar doses to the treatment site.

Endoscope Assembly

With reference to FIG. 14 , in some embodiments, a miniaturized endoscopic fiber optic bundle 190 is integrated with the tandem 102. In some embodiments, the fiber optic bundle 190 can be about 1 mm thick along the length of the tandem 102. The endoscope 104 can be illuminated by a battery operated LED light and connected to a CMOS or CCD camera. The images preferably can be seen on a display monitor or be captured in a laptop computer connected through a USB2 or USB3 connector, or other suitable connector, for further analysis. The eye piece can be attached to a coupler that can be attached to a CMOS or CCD camera and connected to a laptop computer or a display monitor. Endoscopic capabilities of the tandem 102 enables the physician to find the cervical os, guide the tandem into the cervical os and uterine canal, sound the uterus, and inspect the extent of the disease in vagina, cervix, uterine canal, and the uterus. The endoscope 104 can help the radiation oncologist to guide the tandem to the end of the uterine canal without perforating it. A mechanism, such as markings on the tandem 106, can be used to measure the length of the uterine canal from the cervical os to the end of the canal. This feature helps sound the uterine canal and position the flange on the tandem to limit the risk of the tandem perforating the uterus.

Methods of Use

In some embodiments, the applicator 100 comprises a tandem catheter adapted to be placed in the uterine canal with a cervical os stopper (e.g., a flange with a ring radiographic marker). The ovoid and retractable system assembly (collectively, ORSA) is preferably coupled prior to treatment to form an integrated unit as one part. The ORSA can be inserted after the tandem is in place. The tandem preferably slides through a central pivoting tract between the two ovoids of the ORSA. The ORSA is inserted inside the vaginal canal until it reaches the cervical fornices. A separator mechanism on the ORSA can be adjusted to open and separate horizontally the two ovoids and lock at the desired position with a locking knob. The inflatable ovoids can be filled with a mixture of water or saline, and 2% iodinated contrast solution through the luer lock for each ovoid. The luer locks can have a one way valve preventing the infused saline to leak out from the ovoids or the bladder and rectal retractor. In some embodiments the ovoids are filled symmetrically. The saline volume will be dependent on the size of the fornices, and vaginal distal circumferential diameter. The inflatable ovoids are preferably made such that there is at least one cm distance posteriorly from the end of the catheter to the surface of the vaginal mucosa, thus lowering the dose to the vaginal mucosa and rectum. The adjustable volume of the ovoids and bigger diameter will conform to the shape of the fornices and improve the percentage depth dose to the tumor under treatment. The pivoting tandem mechanism can be fixed so the tandem bisects the ovoids and remains locked using a side locking knob. The square-shaped or flattened portion of the tandem is placed in the ovoid tract having a similar square-shaped or flattened configuration. This acts to limit the tandem from unwanted rotation in the uterine canal. Other shapes can be used to limit rotation of the tandem.

The two inflatable retractors are filled with saline to retract the anterior and posterior wall of the vaginal canal from the plane of the implant. The retractors can be filled symmetrically in some embodiments. The volume of the saline is adjusted to preferably have at least two cm retraction from the plane of the tandem. An advantage of an embodiment wherein the inflatable retractors are made of soft polyurethane semi-cylindrical or disc-shaped balloons is that the patient will feel less pain and little pressure. Since insertion of the tandem is followed by the insertion of the assembled single piece ovoid and retractor assembly, the implant time is much shorter compared with devices that require assembly of several components in the patient. Accordingly, patient discomfort and pain is minimal, lowering the need for complete and prolonged anesthetics. Due to adjustable features of the applicator, most of the positioning and adjustments is done remotely outside uterus, cervix, and vagina, making it minimally invasive, lowering patient pain and discomfort and number of personnel required for assistance.

In some embodiments, the applicator is designed to have markers every one centimeter for radiographic identification and has magnification factors readily available for dose calculations. The disposable material made of high strength plastics (Peek, GlassPeek, Carbon Fiber) or lightweight stainless steel has minimal radiation self absorption, removing the need for dosimetry corrections. The total length of the three catheters is preferably substantially identical to limit human errors during dosimetry calculations. In one embodiment, the applicator is designed such that the right ovoid will be connected through a transfer guide tube to channel one, the left ovoid to channel two, and the tandem to channel three of a commercially available 192-Ir HDR or Co-60 afterloader. In some embodiments, the tandem and ovoid system preferably comprises CT and MRI friendly material, making 3D dosimetry possible with no image artifacts.

Once the applicator is removed, the patient can then be allowed to heal. Advantageously, with the use of the applicator systems described herein, the recovery time is reduced compared to conventional treatments due to the improved dosimetry and limited invasiveness of the treatment.

Additional Features and Advantages of Some Embodiments

FIGS. 15-18 illustrate another assembled minimally invasive intracavitary brachytherapy applicator system according to embodiments of the present application. The applicator system of FIGS. 15-18 is similar in some respects to the systems and embodiments illustrated and described with reference to FIGS. 1-14 . Some additional features and advantages are described below.

With reference to FIGS. 15-18 , according to some embodiments, systems for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator 200 comprise a tandem 202 adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient. The tandem 202 can comprise an endoscopic viewing element 204 to facilitate treatment and one or more radiographic markers 206.

An ovoid assembly 210 comprises first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids 212, 214 and an ovoid support mechanism 216. The ovoid support mechanism 216 is adapted to support the ovoids 212, 214 and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within the fornices of a patient. The first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids 212, 214 have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and one or more adjustably inflated configurations for positioning the ovoid assembly during treatment. The first and second ovoids 212, 214 may have one or more radiographic markers. The ovoid assembly 210 comprises a tandem connector 224 adapted to releasably and adjustably couple the tandem 202 to the ovoid assembly 210 to allow for pivotal and translational motion of the tandem 202 relative to the ovoid assembly 210 and to limit rotational movement of the tandem 202 about a longitudinal axis of the tandem.

First and second adjustably inflatable retractors 230, 232 are adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly at first and second retractor connector portions 234, 236. The first and second inflatable retractors 230, 232 have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and an adjustably inflated configuration for retraction of tissue during treatment. The first retractor 230 is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor 232 is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem 202 and the first and second inflatable ovoids 212, 214 are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.

Some embodiments are described in more detail below. The applicator systems and methods can have one or more of the following advantageous characteristics in some embodiments. For example, the applicator system of FIGS. 15-18 preferably has a configuration that makes the applicator system easier to implant, less invasive and traumatic for the patient, or provides improved inter-fraction implant geometric reproducibility by including one or more of the following features and functionalities in the system.

The ovoid support mechanism 216 is adapted to support the ovoids 212, 214 and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within the fornices of a patient. The ovoid support mechanism 216 supports first and second catheter shafts 240, 242 coupled with the ovoids for delivering radiation to the ovoids. The ovoid support mechanism 216 also comprises first and second handle portions 244, 246 coupled for pivotal movement relative to one another. Movement of the handle portions 244, 246 relative to each other controls the distance between the first and second ovoids 212, 214. The ovoid support mechanism 216 comprises a threaded shaft 248 extending between the first and second handle portions 244 and 246. An adjustment wheel 249 is coupled to a central portion of the threaded shaft 248.

The first and second handle portions 244 and 246 comprise first and second knobs 258, 259 coupled to the handle portions and configured to be coupled to the threaded shaft 248. In some embodiments the knobs comprise tabs or levers that are pivotally coupled to the handle portions and that are disposed in a first configuration wherein a spring 261 located between the handle portion and a proximal portion of the knob urges a distal portion of the knob into engagement with the threaded shaft 248. With the knobs in the first engaged configuration, the adjustment wheel 249 can be rotated by a user. Rotation of the threaded shaft 248 provides for fine adjustment to move the handle portions toward or away from each other, to precisely control the relative movement, position, and separation of the of the ovoids 212, 214. Additionally, the knobs have a second unengaged configuration. A user can press down on a proximal portion of the tab or lever against the spring force such that a distal portion of the knob disengages with the threaded shaft. In the disengaged configuration, the user is free to make large adjustments to the movement, position and separation of the ovoids by moving the handle portions toward or away from each other. Thus, the threaded shaft and knob features provide for quick and large adjustments in position by disengaging the knob from the threaded shaft, while allowing for precise control over the movement and positioning of the ovoids in an engaged configuration when the knob features are released and the spring forces the knob features into engagement with the threaded shaft. The relative position of the handle portions 244, 246 can be fixed relative to the ovoid support mechanism 216 by releasing or positioning the knobs to allow the knobs to engage with the threaded shaft 248. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the two knobs on the ovoid handles can be pressed to allow the two ovoid balloons to be separated horizontally in a coarse adjustment mode. In some embodiments, the adjustment wheel between the two ovoid handles allows the two ovoid balloons to be adjusted horizontally in a fine adjustment mode.

A lower portion of the ovoid support mechanism 216 comprises the tandem connector 224. In some embodiments, the tandem connector is a flexible clip. The tandem connector 224 preferably comprises a slot 252 for receiving the tandem 202. In some embodiments, the tandem connector has a generally horse-shoe-shaped cross-section. The tandem connector can be configured to grip the tandem to allow for translational and pivotal coupling of the tandem to the ovoid support mechanism.

The tandem connector 224 is preferably coupled to the ovoid support mechanism 216 such that the tandem connector can pivot relative to the ovoid support mechanism in some configurations and be clamped in position in other configurations. In some embodiments, the ovoid support mechanism comprises one or more handles 265, 267 operatively coupled with the tandem connector. When the one or more handles are positioned in a first open configuration, the tandem connector 224 can receive and hold a tandem and allow for movement of the tandem distally and proximally, and also allow for pivotal movement of the tandem and tandem connector relative to the ovoid support mechanism. The configuration of the tandem connector when engaged with the tandem preferably limits rotation of the tandem about a longitudinal axis of the tandem. When the one or more handles are positioned in a second clamped position, the tandem connector is compressed within the ovoid support mechanism 216 such that the tandem connector and tandem are generally held in position to limit movement distally or proximally, and to limit pivotal movement. Accordingly, positioning and adjustment of the tandem relative to the ovoid support mechanism is facilitated with the one or more handles in an open configuration and when a desired positioning has been achieved by the user, the one or more handles can be moved to the closed configuration to hold the tandem in the desired orientation.

As mentioned above, a tandem connector 224 mechanism is provided for coupling the tandem 202 with the ovoid assembly 210. The mechanism preferably enables the tandem 202 to pivot in the anterior/posterior direction about a point in reference to the ovoids 212, 214 using a clip and clamping mechanism within the ovoid assembly 210 to interface with the tandem as best seen in FIGS. 16-18 . The mechanism also preferably allows the user to translate and/or pivot the tandem to keep it at the mid-plane of the ovoids 212, 214 during treatment. Enabling the user to position the tandem 202 to bisect the ovoids 212, 214 helps to improve implant geometry and dose distribution. In some embodiments, the tandem is arranged to limit inadvertent rotation of the tandem 202 during manipulation and treatment. Accordingly, the mechanism preferably limits the tandem from rotation around a longitudinal axis of the tandem and permits translational and pivotal motion to achieve an advantageous mid-plane position relative to the ovoids 212, 214.

Retractor balloons 230, 232 are preferably added to the intracavitary brachytherapy applicator 200 to retract the bladder and the rectum from the radiation sources, thus lowering the dose to these critical structures. This can reduce, and in some cases eliminate, the need to use of vaginal packing after the applicator is in place. The retractor balloons 230, 232 are coupled to catheters 284, 286 that are preferably anchored on the ovoid assembly 210. The retractor balloons 230, 232 are preferably inflated with saline. Other suitable inflation mediums can also be used. The balloons can be hemispherical when inflated to push the vaginal mucosa, bladder, and rectum away from the radiation site. Balloons having other suitable shapes and sizes for providing retraction can also be used. The retraction mechanism is preferably inflatable to retract the bladder and the rectum by at least about 2 cm away from a plane of the implant defined at the plane of the tandem bisecting the ovoids. The retraction mechanism preferably retracts equidistance from the plane of the implant. The retraction mechanism comprises balloons 230, 232 and retractor supports 274, 276 coupled to the ovoid assembly 210 at retractor connection portions 234, 236. The bladder and rectum retractor balloons preferably have attachment mechanisms 277, 279 that allow for the lengths of the retractor supports 274, 276 to be adjusted. By pressing a spring actuated lock mechanism 281, 283 on the attachment mechanisms 277, 279, the retractor supports 274, 276 can be moved proximally or distally relative to the attachment mechanisms for the desired length corresponding to the length of the vaginal canal. When the spring actuated lock mechanism 281, 283 is released, the retractor supports 274, 276 are held in position and preferably do not move proximally or distally while in the locked position. After insertion of the retractor, the attachment mechanism 277, 279 can be removably coupled to the ovoid assembly 210. In some embodiments, the attachment mechanism can be coupled to the ovoid assembly by pressing the attachment mechanism against the ovoid assembly 210. The ovoid assembly preferably has tabs 285, 287 that engage with tabs 288, 289 on the attachment mechanism 277, 279. As the attachment mechanism is pressed against the ovoid assembly, the tabs 288, 289 on the ovoid assembly preferably engage the tabs 285, 283 on the attachment mechanism such that the spring actuated lock mechanism 281, 283 compresses to allow the tabs on the attachment mechanism snap into place between the tabs on the ovoid assembly and a surface of the ovoid assembly in a configuration similar to a key-lock attachment. Both the bladder and the rectal balloons can have similar attachment configurations to adjust for the length of the vaginal canal by pressing the spring-actuated locking mechanism similar to a key-lock attachment. In some embodiments, the bladder retractor is preferably filled with air or a gas to push away the bladder from the radiation sources. Compared with a liquid, this may limit the retractor from leaning over the tandem and ovoid due to its weight or gravity to displace or change its optimal geometry. The rectum retractor is preferably filled with saline to push away the rectum from the source of radiation. The saline weight due to gravity will push away the rectum from the sources of radiation. In some embodiments, both retractors are suitable to be filled with either a gas or a liquid, such as for example, air or saline.

With reference to FIGS. 15-18 , in some embodiments, a miniaturized endoscopic fiber optic bundle 290 is integrated with the tandem 202. In some embodiments, the fiber optic bundle 290 can be about 1 mm thick along the length of the tandem 202. An endoscope can be illuminated by a battery operated LED light and connected to a CMOS or a CCD camera. The CMOS or CCD endoscope can also be illuminated by about 120 fiber optic fibers surrounding the CMOS chip connected to a PC board and a laptop USB2 connector. In some embodiments, the tandem may have a high resolution fiber optic bundle of up to 10000 pixels, or more, for finding the cervical os, connected to a CCD or CMOS high resolution camera. The CCD or CMOS camera output may be connected to a laptop computer via USB2 or USB3 connector, or another connector, or wirelessly connected, to display static and/or video images of the cervix, cervical os, and uterine canal. The camera may be used for image guidance to find the cervical os, or to guide the tandem into the uterine canal all the way to the end without perforating the uterus. In some embodiments, an alternative configuration to the optical fiber bundle-camera is a miniaturized ultrasound transducer to perform these or other functions and that is configured to be attached to a display to view the ultrasound pictures of the cervical os, uterine canal, and evaluate the extent of disease and boost the radiation dose in the areas with gross cancerous tumor or evaluate the response of cancer to treatments.

Visualization capabilities of the tandem 202 enables the physician to find the cervical os, guide the tandem into the cervical os and uterine canal, sound the uterus, and inspect the extent of the disease in vagina, cervix, uterine canal, and the uterus. The visualization can help the radiation oncologist to guide the tandem to the end of the uterine canal without perforating it. A mechanism, such as markings on the tandem 206, can be used to measure the length of the uterine canal from the cervical os to the end of the canal. This feature helps sound the uterine canal and position the flange on the tandem to limit the risk of the tandem perforating the uterus.

In some embodiments, methods of using the applicator 200 are similar to methods described previously in connection with other embodiments. With reference to FIGS. 15-18 , in some embodiments, handles on the ovoid assembly can be adjusted to open and separate horizontally the two ovoids and lock at the desired position. In some embodiments, the two knobs on the ovoid handles can be pressed to allow the two ovoid balloons to be separated horizontally in a coarse adjustment mode. In some embodiments, the adjustment wheel between the two ovoid handles allows the two ovoid balloons to be adjusted horizontally in a fine adjustment mode. The inflatable ovoids can be filled with a fluid. The pivoting tandem mechanism can be adjusted or fixed so the tandem bisects the ovoids and remains locked using a tandem handle clamping mechanism. The two inflatable retractors are filled with fluid to retract the anterior and posterior wall of the vaginal canal from the plane of the implant. The length and positioning of the retractors can be adjusted by pressing the spring actuated lock mechanism and manipulating the retractor supports to the desired length relative the attachment mechanism. The attachment mechanism for the retractor can be pressed against the ovoid assembly to snap the retractors into position. Due to adjustable features of the applicator, most of the positioning and adjustments is done remotely outside uterus, cervix, and vagina, making it minimally invasive, lowering patient pain and discomfort and number of personnel required for assistance. Visualization of the procedure can be made as described above. Once the applicator is removed, the patient can then be allowed to heal. Advantageously, with the use of the applicator systems described herein, the recovery time is reduced compared to conventional treatments due to the improved dosimetry and limited invasiveness of the treatment.

FIGS. 19-26 show various aspects of elements of another example applicator 300, according to one embodiment. FIG. 19 shows a perspective view of an example applicator 300. It may be advantageous to include a compact applicator 300 that is comprised of a manageable number of elements that can be coupled and uncoupled together. The applicator 300 can allow for easy access of the various features offered by the applicator 300. For example, the applicator 300 may include a unidirectional adjustment interface among one or more of the elements. Additionally or alternatively, the applicator 300 may include a grooved tandem connector 324. In some embodiments, the applicator 300 can include other advantages, such as a tandem connector 324 that is configured to receive the tandem 302 within an interior of the tandem connector 324. Other variants are possible.

One beneficial aspect is that the tandem 302 may contain an integrated holder for the addition of an endoscope. Thus as the applicator is advanced, the user may be able to visibly orient to anatomical landmarks within the vaginal vault. Endoscopic visualization of the cervical canal and os can reduce the need to use a speculum. Further, direct visualization of the pathological anatomy can improve placement of bladders used to protect surrounding organs (i.e. rectum and bladder). The tandem 302 may include a utility channel in which a miniaturized multi-frequency ultrasound imaging system can be inserted. The imaging system may be used for Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging (IVUS) and may be incorporating a higher frequency transducer (e.g., 80 to 150 MHz) with the conventional IVUS (30-50 MHz) system. The ultrasound transducer may be used for additional image guidance through the cervical os and uterine canal. The ultrasound imaging may have a diameter of less than 2 mm (e.g., 0.9 mm) to help identify the cervical os, gross abnormalities, and cancer tissues not responded to chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy to boost these areas with our brachytherapy applicator. The ultrasound imaging and/or the optical imaging using CMOS or alternative camera types with fiber bundles may be used simultaneously in a multi-channel (e.g., three channel) tandem or be used one at a time utilizing the tandem's utility channel.

An ultrasonic imaging and CMOS camera visualization system for hysteroscopy may be used to more accurately diagnose and position the applicator next to any abnormalities in the cervix and/or the uterine cavity to make immediate treatment possible. Narrow-lumen tandem with hysteroscopy capabilities may enable procedures to be performed outside the Operating Room without anesthesia or dilation of the cervix. Furthermore, hysteroscopy can be used to rule out any obstacles to implantation prior to brachytherapy treatment. Further, the imaging systems can reduce the likelihood that the tandem will perforate the uterus, preventing a potentially damaging radiation dose from being delivered to the small bowel or preventing an infection caused by the perforation.

In some embodiments, a tandem with imaging capabilities may have a diameter of less than about 5 mm (e.g., about 3 mm), which may allow an atraumatic primary approach to the cervical and uterine cavity brachytherapy under visualization. In some embodiments, an LED may be supplied to shine light on tissue, for example near the endoscopic viewing element 304. A monitor, light source, camera control unit and data management system may be included in a single unit to provide a portable, mobile solution to an image guided brachytherapy of cervical and/or uterine cancers using a disposable tandem and inflatable ovoids with an imaging software with video or still image recording capabilities.

With continued reference to FIG. 19 , the applicator 300 can include a tandem assembly 301, an ovoid assembly 310, a first retractor assembly 308, and/or a second retractor assembly 309. The tandem assembly 301 can include a tandem 302 and/or a tandem connector 324. The ovoid assembly 310 can include an ovoid support mechanism 316, one or more handle portions 344, 346, one or more adjustment mechanisms 358, 359, and/or corresponding one or more ovoids 312, 314. The first retractor assembly 308 can include corresponding elements, such as a first attachment mechanism 377, a first retractor support 374, a first retractor balloon support 318, and/or a first inflatable retractor 330. The second retractor assembly 309 can include corresponding elements, such as a second attachment mechanism 379, a second retractor support 376, a second retractor balloon support 318, and/or a second inflatable retractor 332.

The tandem assembly 301 can provide a useful tool for accurately and/or easily managing the relative location of the tandem 302 to the rest of the applicator 300 and/or to the patient's body. The tandem 302 may include one or more segments. For example, a longitudinal segment may define a longitudinal axis of the applicator 300. An angled segment of the tandem 302 may be attached to the longitudinal segment and may form an angle with the longitudinal section. This angle may be configured for easier and/or safer insertion into the fornices of a patient. The angle may be obtuse (e.g., between about 130° and 170°). The tandem 302 may include an endoscopic viewing element 304 configured to allow a care provider to view tissue at or near the tip of the tandem 302 to provide treatment more accurately to the target location. The tandem 302 may include one or more radiographic markers 306. The radiographic markers 306 may be disposed at regular intervals from each other. The interval may be any interval, such as about 0.1 cm, 0.5 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, or any interval within a range having any pair of these values as endpoints. The radiographic markers 306 may be disposed on the angled portion, the longitudinal portion, or both.

The tandem 302 may include one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, or more) lumens for various purposes. For example, an ultrasonic transducer may be included in a utility channel of a dual lumen tandem to find the cervical os as well as diagnose the bulky tumors locations to escalate the radiation dose in these regions for improved local control. In some embodiments, the tandem 302 could comprise three lumens, one for the radiation source, simultaneous imaging using the second and third lumens for the CMOS camera, and a miniaturized ultrasonic transducer to improve positioning of the tandem without perforation of the uterus and improve diagnosis of regions that have not responded to chemo and external beam radiation therapies. A miniaturized ultrasound transducer with dual frequencies may be used with an outer diameter of less than 2 mm (e.g., 0.95 mm) may be included.

In some embodiments, a three lumens extrusion may be used for the tandem. A first lumen may be for the CMOS camera with fiberoptic bundles to carry LED light, laser light, and/or a fiberscope. A second lumen may be used for an ultrasound transducer. A third lumen may include a utility channel to deliver the radiation source (e.g., Ir-192, Cs-137, Co-60, etc.). Alternatively, as noted above, a dual lumen tandem 302 maybe used. A first lumen may be used for dose delivery, and a second lumen may be used for optical imaging and/or ultrasound imaging to lower the external diameter of the tandem 302. The CMOS camera may be installed on a multi-lumen (e.g., dual-lumen) catheter with markers at regular intervals (e.g., at 1 cm intervals) to treat cancers of Esophagus, Trachea, Bronchi, Liver, Gall bladder, etc. The treatment can be image-guided to identify blocked or narrowed regions to boost the radiation dose and to position the radioactive source in proximity to those regions. The camera(s) may have a resolution of at least 160K at a 1.6 mm diameter or a 40K resolution in 0.65 mm square modules and may be manufactured by Fujikura. Other variations are possible.

A dedicated endoscopic system may be used to evaluate the geometry of the applicator post implant without the use of speculum. Such minimally invasive techniques can allow for an image-guided adjustment of the applicator and/or the balloon retractors 330, 332 to reproduce the implant between fractions. This approach may reduce the need for using repetitive x-rays, CT, and/or MR scans to modify an imperfect implant.

A multi-lumen (e.g., five lumen) design may be used for one or more of the ovoids 312, 314, for example to selectively and differentially deliver dose to areas closest to the lesion while reducing dose to the organs at risk (OARs). For example, two central lumens may be used where one is used for the water infusion to inflate the ovoid balloon while the other is used for radiation delivery in the central channel. Two additional channels may be used for delivery of the radiation delivery. Other combinations and configurations are possible with multi-lumen configurations.

The tandem 302 may fit within an interior of the tandem connector 324 along the longitudinal axis. The tandem connector 324 may allow for secure coupling of the tandem 302 and may allow for various height and/or longitudinal configurations (e.g., see FIG. 23 ).

With continued reference to FIG. 19 , the ovoid assembly 310 may include handle portions 344, 346 that fit within an interior of the ovoid support mechanism 316. The ovoid support mechanism 316 may be configured to be releasably coupled to the tandem connector 324. For example, the tandem connector 324 may include a plurality of grooves or slots distributed longitudinally along the tandem connector 324. The ovoid support mechanism 316 may include corresponding coupling elements (e.g., protrusions) for fitting within the grooves. This arrangement can allow for reduced likelihood of slippage between the coupling between the tandem connector 324 and the ovoid support mechanism 316. Tandem holder locking mechanisms 365, 367 can be included on the ovoid support mechanism 316 to allow a user to quickly and easily lock the ovoid support mechanism 316 to the tandem connector 324. The tandem holder locking mechanisms 365, 367 may be laser etched with indicators, such as “Push to Lock” for easy reference to their function. The first tandem holder locking mechanism 365 may be released by pressing them together a second time. Additionally or alternatively, the tandem holder locking mechanisms 365, 367 may be released through manual releasing (e.g., pulling one or both of them away from each other). The tandem holder locking mechanisms 365, 367 can be configured to ensure a friction and/or toothed coupling between the ovoid support mechanism 316 and the tandem connector 324.

The handle portions 344, 346 may include corresponding adjustment mechanisms 358, 359 (e.g., tabs, buttons, etc.). The first adjustment mechanism 358 may be coupled with the second adjustment mechanism 359 at an adjustment interface 348. The adjustment interface 348 may include a unidirectional adjustment interface (e.g., a one-way ratchet). The adjustment interface 348 may include a plurality of interlocking teeth.

In some embodiments, the ovoid assembly 310 may be in a first configuration (e.g., a “closed” configuration) for insertion into the patient. The ovoid assembly 310 may be manually adjusted to a second configuration (e.g., “open” configuration) once the applicator 300 is at least partially inside the patient. The applicator 300 may be configured for transition between the first and second configurations by use of the adjustment mechanisms 358, 359. For example, a user may pinch the adjustment mechanisms 358, 359 toward each other to open the ovoids 312, 314 (e.g., move the ovoids 312, 314 away from each other). As the adjustment mechanisms 358, 359 are manipulated, the ovoids 312, 314 may be configured to move angularly about a focal point. The focal point may be disposed at or within the ovoid support mechanism 316. The ovoids 312, 314 may each be configured to sweep an angle of greater than 3° and/or less than 45° (e.g., about 5°, 10°, 15°, etc.). In some embodiments, the relative position of the handle portions 344, 346 relative to the ovoid support mechanism 316 may be fixed. For example, the handle portions 344, 346 may be configured to pivot about an axis intersecting the ovoid support mechanism 316 through the tandem connector 324.

The ovoid support mechanism 316 is adapted to support the ovoids 312, 314 and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within the fornices of a patient. The ovoid support mechanism 316 supports first and second catheter shafts 340, 342 coupled with the ovoids for delivering radiation to the ovoids. The ovoid support mechanism 316 also comprises first and second handle portions 344, 346 coupled for pivotal movement relative to one another, as noted above. Movement of the handle portions 344, 346 relative to each other controls the distance between the first and second ovoids 312, 314. The ovoids 312, 314 may be adjustably inflated and may have common functionality with one or more features of the inflatable ovoids 212, 214. The ovoids 312, 314 may include one or more radiographic markers 306, such as may be found on the tandem assembly 301. The radiographic markers may be disposed at regular intervals from each other, such as about 0.1 cm, 0.5 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, or any interval within a range having any pair of these values as endpoints. Additionally or alternatively, the radiographic markers 306 may be disposed on other portions of the ovoid assembly 310.

The ovoids 312, 314 may be made into straight or angled. For example, one or both may be facing down towards the rectum or facing up toward the bladder. Angled ovoids 312, 314 may be advantageous, for example, if the rectal dose needs to be lowered (e.g., the ovoids 312, 314 may be configured to face upward). This may lower a maximum rectal dose by as much as 25%. Based on the American Brachytherapy Society recommendations, the bladder dose tolerance may be 90 Gy to 2 cc volume while the rectal dose tolerance may be 75 Gy to 2 cc volume. Therefore, using one or more angled ovoids 312, 314, the dose to the lesion may be increased while simultaneously meeting the dose tolerance criteria for the rectum, which tends to be a more radiosensitive organ.

Without being limited by theory, it is estimated that about 25% of patients have a retroverted uterus while the other 75% of patients have an anteverted uterus. To implant and lower the dose to the organs at risk, it may be beneficial for the tandem 302 to follow the uterine canal and the ovoids 312, 314 to bisect the tandem 302. It may be beneficial, for example, for the ovoids 312, 314 to face up for the retroverted uteri. However, mechanical limitations of existing systems do not adequately allow for this type of treatment. The embodiments described herein can allow for the radiation oncologist to implant the ovoids 312, 314 facing towards the bladder for improved dosimetry. In many retroverted uteri, the ovoids 312, 314 can be implanted facing up towards the bladder to reduce the dose to the rectum by up to 10% or 15%. The appropriate orientation of the ovoids 312, 314 for each case may be determined by a radiation oncologist after conducting an evaluation of the patient's anatomy after beam radiotherapy.

The retractor assemblies 308, 309 may be configured for releasable coupling to the tandem assembly 301 and/or the ovoid assembly 310. Design of the tandem and ovoid assemblies may employ modular systems so that each modular element (e.g., the tandem assembly 301, the ovoid assembly 310, and/or the retractor assemblies 308, 309) may be stacked on top of each other without using any screws or knobs.

Other benefits can apply to one or more embodiments described herein. As one example, one or more components of the applicator 300 may be formed (e.g., molded, printed) of any CT- and/or MRI-friendly materials. For example, the various components may comprise plastic or other polymer. Thus either or both imaging modalities may be used to verify the position of the applicator itself, verify correct placement of the radiation source, and/or to perform 3D dosimetry. The tandem and ovoids proposed herein can be made to be packaged and sterilized as a disposable complete applicator set to be used for one time use only. The tandem and/or ovoid assemblies can be configured to prevent the transmittance of human papillomavirus (HPV) and other viral disease or pathogens between the patients due to incomplete and inadequate sterilization of reusable tandem and ovoid applicators. There are reports of endoscopic systems in the studies of upper and lower GI and transmittance of pathogens to other patients with the reusable endoscopic systems in the literature. For example, the embodiments described herein can help reduce the incidence that patients become sick by inadequate sterilization of endoscopic reusable systems between patients.

Other advantages include a design of the inflatable retractors 330, 332. For example, the inflatable retractors 330, 332 can be configured, in applicable circumstances, to lift a bladder that is wrapping around the cervix. A dose of therapy can be improved using a dosimetric software algorithm configured to improve the dose distribution while reducing dose to the organs at risk (OARs) based on source activity, tandem length, ovoid volumes, and/or the dose prescription. Additionally or alternatively, the inflatable retractors 330, 332 may include dual compartment balloons for the bladder and/or rectum retractors. These dual compartments can infuse a solution (e.g., Fricke Dosimeter solution or Ferrous Sulfate) for the retraction balloons. Additionally or alternatively, using these solutions, dose received to the bladder and the rectum may be measured. For example, a calculation of net ferrous to ferric conversion may be used to measure an absolute dose received by the bladder and the rectum.

With continued reference to FIG. 19 , the attachment mechanisms 377, 379 may have corresponding retractor locking mechanisms 381, 383. The retractor locking mechanisms 381, 383, can include a push-to-lock mechanism. The retractor locking mechanisms 381, 383 may be coupled to corresponding retractor supports 374, 376. The retractor supports 374, 376 may include a toothed interface, such as a one-way toothed interface, with which the corresponding retractor locking mechanisms 381, 383 is coupled. For example, the first retractor locking mechanism 381 may include a corresponding toothed interface with the first retractor support 374 to prevent proximal and/or distal axial movement of the first retractor support 374. Similar functionality may apply to the second retractor locking mechanism 383 with the second retractor support 376. Other interfaces are possible.

The retractor supports 374, 376 may be coupled to corresponding retractor balloon supports 318, 319. The retractor balloon supports 318, 319 may include corresponding inflatable retractors 330, 332. The inflatable retractors 330, 332 are adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly at first and second retractor connection portions 334, 336. The first and second inflatable retractors 330, 332 have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and an adjustably inflated configuration for retraction of tissue during treatment. The first inflatable retractor 330 is adapted to be positioned to retract the bladder of a patient during treatment and the second retractor second inflatable retractor 332 is adapted to be positioned to retract the rectum of a patient during treatment. The tandem 302 and the first and second inflatable ovoids 312, 314 are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient. The retractor balloons 330, 332 are coupled to catheters 384, 386 that are preferably coupled to the ovoid assembly 310. The retractor balloons 330, 332 are preferably inflated with saline. The inflatable retractors 330, 332 may include functionality of the retractors 230, 232 described herein.

FIG. 20 shows an exploded view of an example applicator 300. The applicator 300 includes a tandem assembly 301, ovoid assembly 310, and retractor assemblies 308, 309. The retractor assemblies 308, 309 can be configured to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly 310. For example, a snap, friction, or other fit may be used. The ovoid assembly 310 may be attached to the tandem assembly 301 via the tandem connector 324. The retractor assemblies 308, 309 may include one or more grip elements 320 as shown. The grip elements 320 may be included for ease in decoupling the corresponding retractor assemblies 308, 309. Grip elements 320 can be disposed opposite attachment elements 385. The attachment elements 385 can be configured to couple to the ovoid support mechanism 316. Similarly attachment elements 387 of the second retractor assembly 309 can be included to couple to the ovoid support mechanism 316. Other configurations are possible.

FIG. 21 shows an example second retractor assembly 309. One or more corresponding features may be included in and/or apply to the first retractor assembly 308. The second retractor assembly 309 may include a corresponding second attachment mechanism 379 configured to couple to the ovoid support mechanism 316. As noted, the second retractor locking mechanism 383 may be configured to secure a location of the second retractor assembly 309 relative to the tandem 302 and/or other elements of the applicator 300. A first catheter 384 can be included for filling the second inflatable retractor 332 with a fluid (e.g., saline, air, etc.). The first catheter 384 may pass through the second retractor support 376.

FIG. 22 shows a detail perspective view of an example ovoid support mechanism 316 coupled to a tandem connector 324. The ovoid support mechanism 316 can include a first connection portion 334 and a second connection portion 336. The first connection portion 334 can be configured for receiving a corresponding first retractor assembly 308 and the second connection portion 336 can be configured for receiving a second connection portion 336. One or both of the connection portions 334, 336 can include a substantially flat surface configured to mate with a corresponding flat surface of the retractor assemblies 308, 309. The ovoid support mechanism 316 can be coupled to the tandem connector 324 at an ovoid assembly interface 354. The ovoid assembly interface 354 can include one or more protrusions or teeth configured for mating with respective indentations or teeth of the ovoid support mechanism 316. The one or more protrusions or teeth of the ovoid assembly interface 354 may be disposed axially such that the coupling between the ovoid support mechanism 316 and the tandem connector 324 can be adjusted axially. Advantageously, a toothed ovoid assembly interface 354 can reduce slippage between the ovoid support mechanism 316 and the tandem connector 324. The ovoid support mechanism 316 may include an ovoid guide mechanism 392. The ovoid guide mechanism 392 can include a cavity for receiving the handle portions 344, 346 therethrough. Rods or pins (not labeled) may be inserted to couple the ovoid support mechanism 316 with the handle portions 344, 346 within the ovoid guide mechanism 392. The attachment elements 385, 387 (discussed above) can be configured to couple to the ovoid support mechanism 316 at corresponding attachment elements 387, 389, for example, via a snap fit.

FIG. 23 shows an example tandem connector 324. The tandem connector 324 can include a plurality of adjustment elements 393 to allow for coupling and/or decoupling the ovoid support mechanism 316 thereto. The adjustment elements 393 may include teeth, ridges, protrusions, etc. For ease of replication of a distance or aligning the ovoid support mechanism 316 on the tandem connector 324, the tandem connector 324 may include adjustment indicators 394 corresponding to the tandem length inside the uterus (from tandem tip to the flange) showing the point the ovoid assembly to be placed, such as shown in FIG. 23 . Additionally or alternatively, height adjusters 395 may be included to allow additional degrees of freedom of the tandem 302 in anterior-posterior direction. The height adjusters 395 may include recesses, teeth, or other mechanisms to reduce a likelihood of slippage. Corresponding height indicators 396 can be included to aid a user.

FIG. 24 shows an example tandem 302. The tandem 302 can include a tandem coupling mechanism 397 configured to couple with the height adjusters 395. The tandem coupling mechanism 397 may include one or more protrusions, for example, to couple with corresponding grooves or recesses. One or more radiographic markers 306 may be included near a proximal end of the tandem 302. The radiographic markers 306 may be spaced at regular intervals. The tandem may include a shaft that may include a fiber optic bundle 390. The fiber optic bundle 390 may be included in a lumen of a multi-lumen shaft of the tandem 302, as described herein. The fiber optic bundle 390 may be connected to a camera, such as one described herein, for imaging an interior of a patient during a procedure.

FIG. 25 shows an example ovoid assembly 310. As shown, connector elements 361, such as rods or pins, may couple the handle portions 344, 346 to the ovoid support mechanism 316. The connector elements 361 may promote pivotal or angular motion of the handle portions 344, 346 while reducing axial movement of the handle portions 344, 346. Ovoids 312, 314 may include radiographic markers. The ovoids 312, 314 may be disposed at a proximal end of the handle portions 344, 346. As adjustment mechanisms 358, 359 are utilized, an adjustment interface 348 (e.g., a unidirectional interface) may adjustably secure a relative position (e.g., angular position) of the ovoids 312, 314 relative to one another. A single- or multi-lumen shaft may be used for one or both of the catheter shafts 340, 342. Fluid may be passed therethrough and/or optical fiber (e.g., for use with an imaging device) may be inserted therein. The ovoid support mechanism 316 can allow for the tandem 302 through a tandem assembly receiver 356. When coupled with the tandem connector 324, the tandem assembly receiver 356 can form a cavity through which the tandem 302 can be disposed.

FIG. 26 shows an example ovoid assembly 310 without an ovoid support mechanism 316. Ovoid rotation interfaces 363, 364 can be included on corresponding handle portions 344, 346. The ovoid rotation interfaces 363, 364 can include a toothed or geared interface with each other. Each of the handle portions 344, 346 can rotate about corresponding connector elements 361.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present embodiments and methods without departing from the scope or spirit of the advantages of the present application. Thus, it is intended that the present application cover the modifications and variations of these embodiments and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers in brachytherapy with an intracavitary brachytherapy applicator, comprising: a tandem assembly comprising a tandem and a tandem connector, the tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient and the tandem connector adapted to receive the tandem within an interior of the tandem connector along a longitudinal axis, the tandem connector comprising one or more grooves arranged along the longitudinal axis, the tandem comprising a multi-lumen shaft comprising an optical fiber; a camera coupled to the optical fiber and configured to facilitate positioning of the tandem; an ovoid assembly comprising first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism, the ovoid assembly comprising first and second handles configured to support the respective first and second inflatable ovoids, wherein the handles are configured to allow for user manipulation to control a relative position of the ovoids and to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within fornices of a patient, the first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids having a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and one or more adjustably inflated configurations for positioning the ovoid assembly during treatment, the ovoid support mechanism configured to establish a longitudinal position of the ovoid assembly relative to the tandem based on a coupling of the ovoid support mechanism with the one or more grooves; a first inflatable retractor adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly, the first inflatable retractor having a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and an adjustably inflated configuration for retraction of tissue during treatment; wherein the tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical and/or uterus treatment site in a patient.
 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a unidirectional adjustment mechanism configured to allow modification of an angular position of the first and second inflatable ovoids relative to the tandem assembly.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the multi-lumen shaft of the tandem comprises at least three lumens.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the multi-lumen shaft of the tandem is configured to link an ultrasound transducer therethrough.
 5. A system for treating cervical and/or uterine cancers, the system comprising: a tandem assembly comprising a tandem and a tandem connector, the tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient and the tandem connector adapted to receive the tandem within an interior of the tandem connector along a longitudinal axis, the tandem connector comprising one or more grooves arranged along the longitudinal axis; a camera coupled to an optical fiber and configured to facilitate positioning of the tandem; an ovoid assembly comprising first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism, wherein the ovoid assembly comprises first and second handles configured to support the respective first and second inflatable ovoids, wherein the handles are adapted to allow for user manipulation to control a relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within fornices of a patient; first and second adjustably inflatable retractors adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly, the first and second inflatable retractors having a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and an adjustably inflated configuration for retraction of tissue during treatment; wherein the tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical and/or uterus treatment site in a patient.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and one or more adjustably inflated configurations for positioning the ovoid assembly during treatment.
 7. The system of claim 5, wherein, the tandem comprises a multi-lumen shaft configured to receive the optical fiber therethrough.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the multi-lumen shaft of the tandem comprises at least three lumens.
 9. The system of claim 7, wherein the multi-lumen shaft of the tandem is configured to link an ultrasound transducer therethrough.
 10. The system of claim 5, wherein the ovoid assembly comprises a unidirectional adjustment mechanism configured to allow modification of an angular position of the first and second inflatable ovoids relative to the tandem assembly.
 11. The system of claim 5, wherein the ovoid support mechanism is configured to establish a longitudinal position of the ovoid assembly relative to the tandem based on a coupling of the ovoid support mechanism with the one or more grooves.
 12. The system of claim 5, wherein each of the handles comprises a multi-lumen shaft configured to deliver radiation therapy therethrough.
 13. A brachytherapy applicator comprising: a tandem assembly comprising a tandem and a tandem connector, the tandem adapted for insertion into a cervix of a patient and the tandem connector adapted to receive the tandem within an interior of the tandem connector along a longitudinal axis, the tandem comprising a multi-lumen shaft, wherein the tandem comprises an endoscopic viewing element to facilitate positioning of the tandem; an ovoid assembly comprising first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids and an ovoid support mechanism, wherein the ovoid assembly comprises first and second handles configured to support the respective first and second inflatable ovoids, wherein the handles are configured to allow for user manipulation to control a relative position of the ovoids, wherein the handles are adapted to allow for user manipulation to control the relative position of the ovoids for insertion of the ovoids within fornices of a patient; first and second adjustably inflatable retractors adapted to be releasably coupled to the ovoid assembly; wherein the tandem and the first and second inflatable ovoids are adapted to be coupled to a radioactive source to deliver an implant radiation dose suitable for cancer treatment at a cancerous cervical treatment site in a patient.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the tandem connector comprises one or more grooves arranged along the longitudinal axis.
 15. The system of claim 13, wherein the first and second adjustably inflatable ovoids have a deflated configuration for insertion into a patient and one or more adjustably inflated configurations for positioning the ovoid assembly during treatment.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein the tandem connector adapted to limit rotational movement of the tandem about a longitudinal axis of the tandem.
 17. The system of claim 13, wherein the ovoid assembly comprises a toothed adjustment mechanism configured to allow modification of an angular position of the first and second inflatable ovoids relative to the tandem assembly.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the toothed adjustment mechanism of the ovoid assembly comprises a unidirectional adjustment mechanism. 